In the beginning God created the Heaven and the Earth...so begins the greatest problem facing Cosmologists today.

How, and from what was the Universe created?

What was the basic material from which the Universe was created, what was the catalyst and what were the mechanics?

I believe these questions can be answered by trying to understand the very fabric of Time.

The perceived view is that before the Big Bang time did not exist.

I hope to prove with this paper that that was not the case and that the existence of time prior to the Big Bang was the essential ingredient in the inevitable creation of the Universe.

Einstein has proved that time slows down as velocity increases, using the Lorentz transformation we find:-

DTn = DTo√ 1-Δv² and conversely the opposite must hold true, as

C²

an object slows down, time speeds up.



Yet within a relativistic universe it is impossible to achieve a state of maximum time. [Matter and energy would have to be perfectly motionless in relation to everything else in the universe for Time Maximum [T. Max.] to be achieved and obviously this is not possible within a moving reference system.]

The only state in which T.Max can be achieved in a perfectly motionless universe and this is not possible within a universe that contains matter and / or energy.



It follows that time maximum can only be attained in a Null Universe!

What form would a Null Universe take? There would be no matter, no energy, no gravity, no electro-magnetic force, no weak force, no nuclear force et al.

What would exist would be the three dimensions [space], plus time in its natural maximum state, and to satisfy Newton's Third Law a negative time null universe as well.

T. Max is indigenous to a null universe therefore space would be filled with a latticework of sub-atomic particles of time called HARANKS. These Haranks would be motionless though experiencing the passing of time in its natural state of T. Max.

We accept that matter and energy are interchangeable E=MC², I propose that matter, energy and time are interchangeable [most probably taking the form T [Haranks]=EC², therefore H=MC³]. It also follows that if matter, energy and time are interchangeable then haranks must have at least four dimensions and a potential to achieve mass. I also propose that energy and matter always try to achieve there natural state of T. Max.. This is an essential ingredient in the creation of the Universe and the Unified Field Theory.

Prior to the Big Bang the null universe was in a state of equilibrium, there was no matter, no energy and no forces. Just two null universes, one with positive maximum time and the other with negative maximum time.

By negative time I mean that it goes in the opposite direction to positive time but if one was to exist in a negative universe, cause and effect would appear to be the same as that in a positive universe, cause and effect not effect and cause.
 So how did it all begin?



Time has many properties. It is the building block of matter and energy. Gravity, electro-magnetism and the other forces are the result of the potential between different "time zones" and to satisfy Newton's Third Law is both positive and negative. It is also intrinsically unstable.

Prior to the events, which culminated in the Big Bang, the universe was made up of sub-atomic particles of time - Haranks [these will be both particle and wave form as they develop]. They would also be extremely small, probably in the region of: 1

EC²

They were also stationary within a latticework of infinite size. Their only "movement" was through time and this was matched by a corresponding movement of negative Haranks going backward through time. This was the natural state of the Universe and Time has always existed.

Both the positive and negative universes would occupy the same space.

Then in one instance this state of equilibrium was shattered forever. One Harank started to rotate, probably caused by the interaction of the positive and negative universes, [if positive and negative time were to interact they would cancel each other out [releasing energy into both the positive and negative universes and] creating a void in space time] this would create a potential in both universes which would disrupt the very fabric of space time leading to the inevitable creation of the universe we know today. [As the first harank started to rotate it effected the haranks in its immediate vicinity leading to a cascade effect throughout the universe].
BEFORE THE BIG BANG.-THE CREATION.



Let us reconsider the conditions prior to the Big Bang. There would be no matter, no energy and no forces, just the three dimensions [space] and both positive and negative time in it's natural state of T. max. Literally positive and negative space-time.

The Haranks could in some respects be considered quanta but whereas photons are packets of energy with no time whilst travelling at the speed of light, Haranks are packets of time with no energy whilst motionless.

The Null Universe consisted of these packets of time [Haranks] which were spread uniformly throughout its infinite space. It was also Euclidean in its structure.

As I said earlier one harank started to rotate converting some of its time to energy and sub-atomic matter. It will be appreciated that no matter how small an object is it will have a certain size and when it rotates it's axis will rotate slower than any other point on or in it's structure. As the harank started to rotate it created a potential between it's axis and all other points within it's structure causing to collapse in on itself releasing energy and creating the first vestiges of matter.

Whilst this was happening it also began to have an effect on the haranks in it's immediate vicinity. The rotating harank created a potential with still motionless haranks but in this instance the potential was outward [there would still have been a potential between the rotating haranks and the other points in it's structure but the far greater potential was outward] causing the first rotating harank to explode. This explosion created a chain reaction by causing more haranks to rotate creating more proto-matter and energy and of course time, as we know it today.

Eventually a point was reached when the external attractive force began to weaken and other forces started to take control of the embryo universe.

There were a number of processes that lead to the universe we know today. Initially there was an outward expansion as time converted to energy and proto-matter, [this will still be happening today beyond the edge or the universe] eventually an equilibrium point was reached when the region of fastest time changed from being outward to being towards the centre of the original disturbance. Within this boundary the energy and proto-matter began to slow down it's expansion and then start to coalesce to form a super dense object. At some point all the proto-matter and energy within the boundary had been attracted to the super dense object and were converted to hydrogen and some, if not all, of the heavier elements. [I appreciate that this flies in the face of "conventional wisdom " but I imagine that it is impossible to have a super dense object that will only create hydrogen.]*

At this point it is essential to consider the dimensions. Initially there would have been four, length, width, height and time and they would have been Euclidean in nature. With the creation of a relativistic universe they would have relinquished their Euclidean structure and taken on more complex attributes.

There would be much more than four dimensions and this would lead to the structure of the universe we see today. [In relativity we accept that time and motion are determined by the observer, in a very real sense so are the dimensions, this would lead to an infinite number of dimensions.]

With the creation of proto-matter and energy the dimensions themselves would be radically altered, their shape and structure



would cease to be Euclidean and this would effect the shape and distribution of matter and energy throughout the universe. It could also lead to the distribution of matter and energy to exceed the speed of light.

If we imagine the three dimensions of space formed a Euclidean cube prior to the first rotating harank then an imaginary beam of light would travel a set distance within say one light year, points A and B, yet within a relativistic universe this would not hold true. The distance travelled would be effected by distortions within space-time.
 It follows that the distance travelled would vary according to the prevalent conditions. To a traveller on such a light beam he would still travel at the speed of light and he would be adamant that he had traversed one light year, yet an outside observer would dispute this claim as the traveller would appear to him to travel a greater or lesser distance.

If we go back to our imaginary light beam within the null universe the distance travelled would be set, it would always be the same distance between points no matter how many light years were crossed. Also the traveller and outside observer would agree on the distance travelled.

Yet once space-time became distorted the distance between points A and B would vary under certain conditions. To an outside observer the distance between points A and B would be longer or shorter than the original distance. Light would still take the same time to cover that distance as it would also be distorted by the space time continuum it was passing through. To the outside observer it would appear as if the light had travelled a greater or lesser distance than that of the imaginary light beam in the null universe.
It is very important to understand the distortions in space-time had on the shape of the universe. If we imagine a cube with elastic sides as the original Euclidean universe, then pumping the air out of such a cube would be similar to the effect the distortions in space-time had on the Euclidean Null universe. Now if we take this analogy further, setting off an explosion within the cube would cause the cube to expand outwards. Naturally the explosion would follow the line of least resistance, this would be along the lines where the dimensions touched each other, finally the sides would be pushed out exceeding their original perimeters.

Obviously the dimensions within the universe are much more complex. Like everything else in a relativistic universe the dimensions are determined by the observer.

Given that the dimensions had been condensed and distorted by the super dense object prior to the Big Bang, I would suggest that some of the heavier elements would be blasted through the compacted dimensions thus appearing to travel faster than the speed of light and avoiding the intense heat associated with the Big Bang. The effect of this would be twofold, some of the heavier elements would avoid being broken down into protons, electrons and the more exotic particles and it would appear that some of the matter in the universe would be older than the apparent age of the universe.

AFTER THE BIG BANG.

           Just prior to the Big Bang the super dense object had become highly unstable. Apart from the tremendous pressure being built up by the intense heat generated by the “newly” created forces it was being torn apart by the intensely warped dimensions plus the faster time potential was outward rather than inward. All these factors combined to cause the super dense object to explode. As I explained

earlier it followed the lines of least resistance, that would be where the warped dimensions met. Also some of the heavier elements were blasted through the compacted dimensions which allowed them to avoid being reduced to fundamental particles in the intense heat which followed the Big Bang. [ These heavier elements would have appeared to have travelled faster than the speed of light.]

          The majority of the matter and energy would have been contained within the shell of the expanding universe and would have conformed to the laws of relativity. It is important to realize that although the dimensions were compacted so was the space between them, so if we imagine that two points A and B were a light year apart in the Euclidean universe and were compacted to be adjacent to each other in the early relativistic universe it would still take a light year for a beam of light to travel from point A to point B. 

          Time itself would be running extremely slowly in fact a substantial amount of the early universe would be experiencing zero time as it accelerated outward at the speed of light. The universe itself would have been extremely hot another bar to fast time. Even so the universe would not be uniformly hot, some points would be

marginally cooler than others and these cooler points would experience faster time. It would be at these cooler points that the forces of attraction would start to take hold. As the universe expanded and started to cool these points became more significant allowing atoms to form and eventually stars to coalesce.  

          The evidence of a distortion in space-time prior to the Big Bang can be found in the fact that most galaxies seem to align to certain planes instead of being uniformly spread throughout the universe.